Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42410916›Full record

ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2026

Gardiquimod Nanoemulsion Targets Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Reducing Systemic Toxicity and Parasite Burden.

Carmen Palomino-Cano, M Carmen Mera-Delgado, Esther Moreno, Esther Larrea, Lecnia Aguirre, Jonathan Miguel Zanatta, Sónia Barros-Carvalho, Iola F Duarte, Ricardo Silvestre, Juan M Irache and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Carmen Palomino-CanoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-4758
M Carmen Mera-DelgadoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Esther MorenoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Esther LarreaDepartment of Molecular Biology. School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Lecnia AguirreDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Jonathan Miguel ZanattaInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Sónia Barros-CarvalhoLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Iola F DuarteLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Ricardo SilvestreLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-2717
Juan M IracheDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Javier CarriónDepartment of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7486-4942
Socorro EspuelasDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-1523

Funding

Erasmus + ProgramEuropean Regional Development Fund COMPETE2030-FEDER-00735300Foundation for Science and Tecnology (FCT) UID/50006/2025;UID/06304/2025;LA/P/0050/2020Infrastructure Project number 022161Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) PID2023-148406OB-I00Tropical Health Institute, University of Navarra
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains difficult to treat because Leishmania parasites persist within dermal macrophages and suppress their microbicidal activity, promoting chronic infection. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can restore macrophage effector functions, but their therapeutic use is limited by systemic toxicity. Here, we developed a lipid-based nanoemulsion (NE) for the systemic delivery of the TLR7 agonist gardiquimod (GDQM) to improve macrophage targeting and reduce off-target inflammatory effects. Following intravenous administration, GDQM-NEs efficiently accumulated in dermal lesions and significantly reduced systemic cytokine release compared with free GDQM, resulting in an improved safety profile. Importantly, nanoencapsulation preserved GDQM antileishmanial activity achieving an approximately 2-log reduction in parasite burden. Treatment induced both Th1-associated cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12p70) and regulatory responses, including IL-10 production and FoxP3

Indexed as

AminoquinolinesLeishmaniasis, CutaneousNanoparticlesAnimalsCytokinesEmulsionsFemaleImidazolesLeishmaniaMacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred C57BLToll-Like Receptor 7Toll-Like Receptor AgonistsAminoquinolinesCytokinesEmulsionsgardiquimodImidazolesToll-Like Receptor 7Toll-Like Receptor Agonistscutaneous leishmaniasisdrug deliveryimmunomodulationmacrophagesnanoemulsionTLR agonist

Identifiers

PMID42410916
PMCPMC13474118

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.