ArticleBMC women's health2026
Sociodemographic, reproductive, and psychiatric factors associated with menstrual distress in Indonesian women: findings from an online survey using the MEDI-Q.
Article in BMC women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMenstrual distress is a multifactorial health concern influenced by various biological and psychological determinants. Despite growing interest in menstrual health, the interplay between sociodemographic factors, contraceptive history, and pre-existing health conditions in relation to menstrual distress has not been sufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to examine the associations between age, educational background, occupational status, contraceptive history, type of contraceptive used, and the presence of reproductive or psychiatric disorders with menstrual distress levels among women.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted from April to September 2025 among Indonesian women aged 15-49 years. Data were collected via an online survey using validated Indonesian version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MEDI-Q) to evaluate menstrual distress, including subdomains for Menstrual Symptoms (MS), Menstrual Symptoms Distress (MSD), and Menstrual Specificity Index (MESI). The association between age and menstrual distress was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, non-parametric statistical methods were applied to evaluate the relationships between MEDI-Q scores and other variables of interest using Mann-Whitney U test.
resultsA total of 930 participants were included in this study. Our study demonstrates a significant higher score across all domains of the MEDI-Q among younger participants (p < 0.001). Participants with vocational qualifications or higher exhibiting higher MS scores (p = 0.026). Both the MEDI-Q total score and MS were significantly greater in employed participants (p = 0.025 and p = 0.007, respectively) and those with a history of reproductive disease (p = 0.022 and p = 0.021, respectively). Furthermore, participants with a history of psychiatric disease and those who did not used contraceptives showed significantly higher MEDI-Q total, MS, and MSD scores (all p < 0.001).
conclusionsThe findings suggest that sociodemographic factors, contraceptive history, and underlying reproductive or psychiatric conditions play a significant role in menstrual distress. These results highlight the need to consider both sociodemographic and health-related factors in research and interventions related to menstrual health.
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