Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42405277›Full record

ArticleMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids2026

Enhancing protein expression in humans through codon optimization with transformer and contrastive learning.

Juseong Kim, Jeongmu Kim, Jae-Wook Lee, Qian Qi, Caroline Danehy, Ho Young Kang, Yong Cheng, Giltae Song

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Juseong KimDivision of Artificial Intelligence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
Jeongmu KimDivision of Artificial Intelligence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
Jae-Wook LeeResearch & Development, NuclixBio, Seoul 08377, South Korea.
Qian QiDepartment of Hematology MS 341, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Caroline DanehyDepartment of Hematology MS 341, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Ho Young KangResearch & Development, NuclixBio, Seoul 08377, South Korea.
Yong ChengDepartment of Hematology MS 341, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Giltae SongDivision of Artificial Intelligence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Following the success of COVID-19 vaccines and therapies, mRNA-based therapeutics have attracted significant attention. Codon optimization is crucial for improving translation efficiency and mRNA stability, both of which are necessary for developing effective mRNA vaccines and drugs. Traditional approaches often rely on codon usage tables and other frequency-based heuristics, which neglect sequence context and show limited scalability. We introduce COformer, a deep learning framework for codon optimization that captures codon-level features related to protein expression in

Indexed as

codon optimizationcontrastive learningdeep learningHomo sapiensMT: Bioinformaticsprotein expressionstability

Identifiers

PMID42405277
PMCPMC13330525

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.