ArticleRSC advances2026
High-turnover copper-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides: exploring catalyst and ligand degradation pathways.
Article in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Copper-catalyzed Ullmann-type amination has emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to palladium-based C-N coupling, yet its broader adoption is often limited by high catalyst loadings. These high loadings arise in part from catalyst deactivation pathways that are still not fully understood. In this study, we examine the mechanism and stability of a homogeneous copper-oxalamide catalytic system for the coupling of aryl bromides with primary amines. As well as revealing mechanistic insight into the catalytic process, these kinetic studies show that under these conditions (EtOH solvent and KOH base) the copper centre is remarkably robust, but the oxalamide ligand undergoes rapid base-mediated hydrolysis, thus establishing ligand decomposition as a key limitation to catalyst longevity. By compensating for this ligand instability through controlled excess, we are able to achieve exceptionally low copper loadings of 5-50 ppm, delivering turnover numbers in copper of up to 7 × 10
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