ReviewBiomaterials research2026
Nanoparticle-Based Antigen Delivery: Advancing Immunization Strategies against Infectious Pathogens.
Review in Biomaterials research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stimulation of adaptive immunity is a goal to defend against infectious agents. In recent years, vaccine development and improvements in their efficacy have been thoroughly investigated, and highly effective vaccines have been released to the market. The administration of vaccinations, safety, and the development of immunogenicity pose considerable challenges in this area. Investigations have been conducted on nanoparticle (NP)-based vaccines to address the issue. NPs are used in vaccine development to enhance antigen delivery, provide protection, and serve as adjuvants. The application of nanotechnology has substantially improved the delivery and effectiveness of vaccines by manipulating NP properties. Studies on NP-based immunizations have focused on viral pathogens and bacterial agents. Immunizations utilizing NPs enhance immune responses and stabilize viral antigens, facilitating the development of vaccines for hepatitis B, influenza, and HIV. Nanovaccines specifically target antigens associated with viruses, bacteria, and certain cancers. NP-based vaccines effectively stimulate and mature dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo. Following vaccination, the NP-based vaccine resulted in increased cytokine levels and activated Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo. As a result, NP-based vaccines stimulate T-cell immune responses and adaptive immunity driven by immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M. This review has discussed the various NPs and antigens used in nanovaccine preparation; the role NPs play in activating adaptive immunity; and, specifically, the maturation of DCs; the activation of Th1 and Th2 cells against viruses, bacteria, and other microbial pathogens; and the safety of NPs.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.