Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42404941›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2026

A cross-sectional analysis of county-level determinants of pandemic-era policy implementation.

Natasha J Williams, Melanie F Molina, Amy Yunyu Chiang, Soo Park, Matthew Brandner, Madelaine Faulkner Modrow, Paul Meissner, John Kornak, Heather Kitzman, Carmen R Isasi and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Natasha J WilliamsNYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York, NY, United States.
Melanie F MolinaDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Amy Yunyu ChiangUCSF Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine at the San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Soo ParkDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Matthew BrandnerDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Madelaine Faulkner ModrowDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Paul MeissnerAlbert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
John KornakDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Heather KitzmanParkland Health, Dallas, TX, United States.
Carmen R IsasiDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
Alan F KaulMedical Outcomes Management, Inc., Sharon, MA, United States.
Djeneba Audrey DjiboEpidemiology & Science, CVS Healthspire Payor & Life Science Solutions, Blue Bell, PA, United States.
Sylvia SudatSutter Health, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Jaime OrozcoDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Janna Garcia TorresDepartment of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
Vinit P NairG19 Studio, Chicago, IL, Sharon, MA, United States.
Pelin OzlukElevance Health Inc., Indianapolis, IN, United States.
Thomas CartonLouisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans, LA, United States.
Mark J PletcherDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Rita HamadDepartment of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.

Funding

The Impacts of County-Level COVID- 19 -Related Public Health and Social Policies on Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Mental Health and Healthcare UtilizationU01MH129968 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HAMAD, RITA · 2021 to 2025
$3.4M
NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH129968
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Local COVID-19 policies are increasingly recognized as determinants of variation in disease transmission and other health outcomes. There is significant geographic variability in policy implementation, but little understanding of factors contributing to policy variation. Data and methods: Using data from the US COVID-19 County Policy Database, we analyzed correlates of county-level policy implementation ( Results: Urbanicity was positively associated with increased adoption of more public health policies, Democratic voter percentages were positively associated with increased adoption of all policies, and average temperature was negatively associated with adoption of all policies. Conclusion: These findings provide insight into the possible predictors of the variation in local policy implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as informing future policy research and public health crisis management.

Indexed as

COVID-19Health PolicyPandemicsPublic HealthCross-Sectional StudiesHumansPoliticsSARS-CoV-2United StatesCOVID-19health policypandemicpolicy evaluationpublic health

Identifiers

PMID42404941
PMCPMC13330766

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.