AI-enabled eye-movement and emerging multimodal frameworks for precision dyslexia screening and reading pattern analysis.

Introduction: Developmental dyslexia refers to a common neurodevelopmental disorder, which impairs the accuracy and fluency of reading, and early identification is vital for initiating timely intervention. Nonetheless, the traditional methods of formal assessment are time- and resource-intensive, which limits their scalability. Machine-learning approaches and eye-tracking technologies provide objective, data-driven solutions for dyslexia screening. This research integrates current evidence on eye-movement-based and emerging multimodal computational methods for dyslexia screening, risk identification, and algorithmic classification during reading tasks. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched systematically to identify studies published between January 2015 and March 2026. Eligible studies included analysis of eye-movement obtained via eye tracking or electrooculography (EOG), with or without predictive modeling. Methodological quality was assessed using JBI, PROBAST, ROBINS-I, and COSMIN tools. Results: Twenty-three articles were included out of 50 full-text articles screened comprising eye-movement biomarker/observational studies ( Discussion: Nevertheless, there was a significant heterogeneity in datasets, feature extraction methods, outcome definitions and validation schemes. Notably, numerous studies used proxy diagnostic labels, small or internally derived datasets, and internal cross-validation, which introduces the risk of overfitting and performance inflation. Explicit multimodal or multi-source modeling was identified in three of 23 studies involving combinations of gaze data with demographic, cognitive, linguistic, VR-bed, text-derived, saliency-map, or CNN-based features. Two additional studies used EOG as an alternative eye-movement signal modality rather than true multi-source fusion. Therefore, the evidence base remains dominated by eye-movement and gaze-derived approaches, while multimodal evidence should be interpreted as emerging and exploratory. Altogether, eye-movement based computational systems are a promising, non-invasive method for scalable dyslexia screening. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, identifier (RD42061332527).