Exploring phages through play: creative 3D models for science engagement.

Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and have therapeutic potential due to their ability to selectively kill bacterial pathogens. Despite growing scientific and policy interest in phage therapy, public and professional understanding of phages remains limited, posing a barrier to wider clinical adoption. Here, we present the development and evaluation of open-source, 3D-printed microbial models designed to communicate core concepts in phage biology, including phage diversity, host specificity and life cycle differences between virulent and temperate phages. These tactile, compact models were tested across multiple public engagement events with diverse audiences. Survey data showed high usability and educational value, 90% of participants reported improved understanding of phage-bacteria interactions, and many expressed interest in learning more. Thematic analysis of qualitative feedback highlighted sustained engagement and prompted iterative model refinements to improve clarity and accessibility. These models offer a low-cost, scalable tool to support outreach and education around phage biology, including its applications in treating drug-resistant infections. By bridging the gap between complex scientific concepts and public understanding, they contribute to broader efforts to build awareness of phage-based alternatives to traditional antibiotics.