ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2026
Does sex moderate health and Alzheimer's disease risk tied to early educational experiences? The reducing inequities through social and educational change follow-up in early adulthood extension study protocol.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) -a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by insidious cognitive decline and distinct neuropathological features- significantly impacts daily life functioning and behavior and is disproportionally prevalent in women compared to men. The reasons and risk factors for sex-based disparities in AD prevalence are still largely unclear, however early life exposures (e.g., education and stress) may be important contributing factors. Therefore, it is increasingly important to disentangle the complex interactions between known early environmental protective and risk factors and genetic susceptibility and uncover how these factors might impact and shape neurobiological processes. Moreover, it is critical to assess how these processes, in turn, influence later cognitive and brain health outcomes that may confer sex-specific pathways of risk for developing AD. In this paper we describe the rationale and study protocol for The Reducing Inequities through Social and Educational Change Follow-Up in Early Adulthood Extension (RISE-Up EA+; R01AG089426) study, a follow-up study of 300 participants aged 24-26 years old that leverages a natural quasi-experimental cohort to investigate how health outcomes tied to socioeconomic mobility opportunity may contribute to sex-specific vulnerability for developing AD later in life. To examine how sex-specific vulnerabilities related to early educational experiences may set the stage for later AD risk, we will assess self-report, cognitive, biological (e.g., inflammation and microbiome), and brain health measures. Results from this work provide the opportunity to better understand how adolescent mobility opportunities might contribute to later life health outcomes and influence sex-specific developmental pathways important for later AD risk.
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