ArticleBMC endocrine disorders2026
Real-world effectiveness of quadruple oral hypoglycemic therapy in type 2 diabetes patients refusing insulin therapy.
Article in BMC endocrine disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of quadruple combination therapy (metformin, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and sulfonylurea) in patients with high HbA1c at initial diagnosis or those who failed to achieve treatment goals.
methodsThis retrospective study included 412 diabetic patients treated with quadruple therapy at Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital from January to December 2023. These patients were first diagnosed with diabetes or, due to suboptimal glycemic control, the attending physician recommended insulin therapy, but the patient refused. Patients were divided into an initial treatment group (group A) and a subsequent treatment group (group B). HbA1c levels, side effects, and regimen changes were monitored at 3- and 6-month post-treatment. Factors associated with achieving HbA1c < 7% were analyzed using logistic regression.
resultsFor the total population, with quadruple therapy, the mean HbA1c decreased by -12.0 ± 15.5% from baseline, with 23.5% achieving HbA1c < 7% at 3 months. At 6 months, HbA1c decreased by 10.6%, with 21.6% achieving HbA1c < 7%. Group A achieved significantly greater HbA1c reductions at both 3 and 6 months than group B (-38.1% vs. -9.9%, P < 0.001). At 6 months, 54.5% of patients in group A achieved HbA1c < 7% compared to 18.9% in group B. Factors positively influencing HbA1c reduction included younger age, shorter diabetes duration, and initial treatment group. Minimal side effects were reported.
conclusionsQuadruple oral hypoglycemic therapy may be a safe and effective option for patients with type 2 diabetes who refuse insulin, particularly in newly diagnosed individuals. While less effective in long-standing diabetes, it can serve as a transitional approach to improve glycemic control and promote future treatment adherence. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.