ArticleWater environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation2026
Toward Robust ARB Inactivation in Wastewater: Comparing Performic Acid, Peracetic Acid, and Chloramination Using ICT, Resistance, and Reactivation Metrics.
Article in Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses a critical global health threat. Although wastewater disinfection limits pathogen dissemination, conventional chlorine-based disinfection can be ineffective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and may induce viable but nonculturable (VBNC) states. This study compared performic acid (PFA), peracetic acid (PAA), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for inactivation of VRE and total enterococci (TE) in high-ammonia secondary effluent. Batch disinfection experiments were conducted using an integrated concentration-time (ICT) framework, assessing microbial survival under standard (24 h) and extended (3-5 days) incubation, to quantify posttreatment recoverability (reactivation/regrowth). PFA achieved rapid and consistent inactivation within the effective linear range, whereas PAA exhibited slower, variable kinetics with distinctive shouldering. NaOCl proved the least reliable and displayed a "lower dose advantage." Reactivation was strongly dependent on inactivation magnitude. At the doses investigated, only PFA consistently achieved > 2.5-log reductions associated with minimal recovery. By comparison, PAA and NaOCl did not reach inactivation levels adequate to suppress reactivation within the tested ICT ranges, indicating VBNC states and regrowth. Within the tested ICT ranges in GLWA secondary effluent, these findings suggest PFA is a promising alternative disinfectant for controlling ARB and provide a reactivation-aware framework for setting exposure targets based on durable, not just immediate, inactivation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.