Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42401821›Full record

ArticleThe journal of headache and pain2026

Altered hypothalamic metabolism in chronic cluster headache patients measured with

Avneesh Jain, Anna Xiu Rørnes, Anne Farestveit, Maria Tunset Grinde, Axel Karl Gottfrid Nyman, Beathe Sitter, Tore Wergeland, Erling Tronvik, Guglielmo Genovese

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in The journal of headache and pain, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Avneesh JainNorwegian Centre for Headache Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-2965-8303
Anna Xiu RørnesFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Anne FarestveitFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Maria Tunset GrindeDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University hospital, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4625-2222
Axel Karl Gottfrid NymanDepartment of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-1870
Beathe SitterDepartment of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-6380
Tore WergelandNorwegian Centre for Headache Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2295-123X
Erling TronvikNorwegian Centre for Headache Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-0151
Guglielmo GenoveseNorwegian Centre for Headache Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. guglielmo.genovese@ntnu.no.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-0120

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe hypothalamus is considered a central hub in the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH), yet its neurochemical profile remains poorly understood. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (

methods

resultsCompared with HVs, cCH patients showed significantly reduced glutamate (Glu)/tCr (∼17%; p < 0.001) and N-acetyleaspartate (NAA)/tCr (∼10%; p = 0.048), with no other metabolite differences. After adjusting for covariates, a significant group effect was still observed for Glu/tCr (p = 0.0045), whereas no group difference was found for NAA/tCr (p = 0.079). Tissue composition within the voxel did not differ between groups, indicating that the observed metabolic differences were unlikely to be driven by partial-volume effects.

conclusionsThis is the first study to characterize hypothalamic metabolism in cCH at 7 T. The observed reductions in Glu, together with a statistically less robust decrease in NAA, indicates hypothalamic neuronal involvement, possibly reflecting mitochondrial and energetic dysfunction. This ultrahigh-field finding extends previous results at conventional magnetic field intensities, offering more specific neurochemical evidence for hypothalamic involvement in cCH.

Indexed as

Cluster HeadacheHypothalamusProton Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyAdultAspartic AcidCreatineFemaleGlutamic AcidHumansMaleMiddle AgedAspartic AcidCreatineGlutamic AcidN-acetylaspartate7 TEnergy metabolismGlutamateGlutamatergic neuronsMitochondriaN-acetyleaspartateNeuronal metabolism

Identifiers

PMID42401821
PMCPMC13339285

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.