ArticleWorld journal of microbiology & biotechnology2026
Immobilized dead fungal biomass as a reusable biosorbent for reactive blue 19 and malachite green: kinetics, isotherms, and mechanistic insights.
Article in World journal of microbiology & biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The increasing discharge of synthetic dyes from industrial effluents, particularly Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) and Malachite Green (MG), poses serious environmental and health concerns due to their persistence, toxicity, and resistance to conventional treatment processes. This study evaluates the potential of immobilized dead fungal biomass as a sustainable, cost-effective, and reusable biosorbent for the adsorption and desorption of RB19 and MG in aqueous systems. Four fungal species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Penicillium citrinum were investigated under varying operational parameters, including biomass dosage, initial dye concentration, particle size, contact time, and adsorption stability over six successive cycles. At an initial concentration of 100 ppm MG, P. citrinum exhibited the highest removal efficiency (84.61 ± 2.32%), whereas A. terreus achieved the maximum removal efficiency for RB19 (71.06 ± 0.30%) at 300 ppm. At the different incubation time study, in MG, A. niger shown maximum removal efficiency (96.18 ± 0.02%) at 150 min incubation time, and in RB19, the maximum removal efficiency was obtained by R. arrhizus (83.21 ± 0.3%), at 150 min duration. With the parameter of particle size, the removal efficiency is 0.14 μm in both MG and RB19 dye solution, i.e. R. arrhizus, i.e. 80.42 ± 0.31% and 89.23 ± 1.6% respectively. Structural and surface characterization using FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed the involvement of key functional groups and surface heterogeneity in dye binding. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that adsorption of both dyes followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant rate-controlling mechanism. Equilibrium studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm best described the adsorption behaviour, with high correlation coefficients (R² = 0.957-0.999) across different dye-biomass systems. Overall, the results highlight the strong potential of immobilized dead fungal biomass as an efficient, reusable, and environmentally benign biosorbent, with practical relevance for biotechnological applications in dye-laden wastewater remediation.
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