The effects of breath holding during high-intensity land-based ergometry in swimmers.

Jeremy Walsh, James L Ramsey, Nasimi A Guluzade, Robin Faricier, Paul Midgely, Daniel A Keir, Glen R Belfry

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Physiological reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jeremy WalshSchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-0018

James L RamseySchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Nasimi A GuluzadeSchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Robin FaricierSchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Paul MidgelySchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Daniel A KeirSchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Glen R BelfrySchool of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8831-2652

Funding

National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) CGS D - 579662-2023

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses during high-intensity land-based exercise between free-breathing and breath-holding conditions in swimmers. Twenty varsity swimmers (20 ± 2 years, 10 females) performed 20 s bouts of simultaneous arm and leg ergometry exercise at high intensity (total power output = 606 ± 76 W). Heart rate (HR), muscle deoxygenation ([HHb]) and total hemoglobin ([THb]) at the triceps and vastus lateralis, and gas exchange and ventilatory variables were recorded continuously. Blood pressure and lactate were measured pre- and post-exercise. Exercise HR was higher under the breath-holding condition (free-breathing [FB] = 118 ± 14 bpm, breath-holding [BH] = 131 ± 17 bpm; p = 0.001) as were post-exercise blood pressures (systolic: FB = 141 ± 14 mmHg, BH = 156 ± 16 mmHg, p = 0.002; diastolic: FB = 71 ± 14 mmHg, BH = 79 ± 9 mmHg; p = 0.01, respectively). During exercise, muscle [THb] was higher under the breath-holding condition (FB = -1.6 ± 2.7 μM, BH = -0.3 ± 1.6 μM; p = 0.01). No between-condition differences in post-exercise blood lactate (FB = 8.8 ± 1.8 mmol.L

Indexed as

Breath HoldingSwimmingBlood PressureErgometryFemaleHeart RateHumansLactic AcidMaleMuscle, SkeletalOxygen ConsumptionYoung AdultLactic Acidbreath holdingbreath‐holding responsecompetitive swimmersgas exchangehigh‐intensity arm and leg ergometrymuscle deoxygenation

Identifiers

PMID42400225

DOI10.14814/phy2.71004

PMCPMC13332321

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.