Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42399378›Full record

ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2026

Longitudinal Evidence for Age- and Sex-Invariant Dimensions of Internalizing Symptoms from Childhood through Adolescence: Self-Worth, Social Anxiety, and Withdrawal.

Arash Mehrkesh, Misaki N Natsuaki, Tuppett M Yates, Jenae M Neiderhiser, Daniel S Shaw, Jody M Ganiban, Leslie D Leve

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Arash MehrkeshDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-0348-1719
Misaki N NatsuakiDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. misaki.natsuaki@ucr.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-7827
Tuppett M YatesDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-8520
Jenae M NeiderhiserDepartment of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4474-5330
Daniel S ShawDepartment of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Jody M GanibanDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Leslie D LeveDepartment of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-4524

Funding

Project-005U2COD023375 · OD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Phillip Brian Smith · 2016 to 2026
$215.9M
ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
The Early Growth and Development Study Pediatric CohortUH3OD023389 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF OREGON · PI Jody M. Ganiban, Leslie Diane Leve · 2018 to 2026
$16.6M
An adoption study of the development of early substance use: the joint roles of genetic influences, prenatal risk, rearing environment, and pubertal maturationR01DA045108 · NIDA · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI NEIDERHISER, JENAE M. · 2018 to 2022
$3.7M
Gene-Environment Interplay and Development of Psychiatric Symptoms in ChildrenR01MH092118 · NIMH · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI LEVE, LESLIE DIANE, NEIDERHISER, JENAE M. · 2010 to 2014
$3.1M
Family and Peer Processes and G-E Interplay in Middle School: An Adoption StudyR56HD042608 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF OREGON · PI LEVE, LESLIE DIANE · 2014 to 2015
$700k
Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes U24OD023319Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes U24OD023382Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes U2COD023375Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes UH3OD023389National Science Foundation ID 0951775NICHD NIH HHS R56 HD042608NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA045108NIDA NIH HHS R01DA045108NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS U2C OD023375NIH HHS UH3 OD023389NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH092118
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Internalizing problems rise during adolescence, yet the stable underlying dimensions remain unclear. Using two longitudinal samples (Sample A: [Formula: see text], 43% girls at birth, adopted children, ages 7-16; Sample B: [Formula: see text], 50% girls at birth, biological children from low-income families, ages 7-17), we examined dimensions of internalizing symptoms (excluding somatic complaints) on the Child Behavior Checklist using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analyses. In Sample A, three dimensions emerged: low self-worth/depression (LSW/Dep), social/general anxiety (S/GA), and depression/withdrawal (Dep/With). In Sample B, S/GA and Dep/With combined into the social anxiety/withdrawal (SA/With) factor, alongside LSW. Both solutions were largely stable across age and sex. Factor trajectory analyses revealed that levels of all dimensions increased from childhood to early adolescence, for both sexes. Trajectories subsequently diverged: LSW/Dep became more pronounced in girls only, S/GA increased in girls and declined in boys, and Dep/With showed the steepest increase for both sexes. Dimensions showed strong homotypic but weak heterotypic continuity. Findings highlight distinct developmental and sex-specific pathways of internalizing vulnerability detectable in middle childhood, supporting earlier and more targeted identification and intervention.

Indexed as

AnxietyDepressionSelf ConceptAdolescentAge FactorsChildFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleSex FactorsCBCLExploratory structural equation modelingInternalizing symptomsLongitudinalMeasurement invariance

Identifiers

PMID42399378
PMCPMC13331887

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.