Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42397578›Full record

ArticleArchives of toxicology2026

Scientific approach to derive occupational exposure limits for formaldehyde releasers.

Sandra Michaelsen, Britta Laube, Rüdiger Bartsch, Stephan Baumgärtel, Dietmar Breuer, Rolf Grebenstein, Edgar Leibold, Ruth Lohmann, Hans Merk, Carsten Schleh and 5 more

Abstract readEditorial
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In one paragraph

Article in Archives of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Sandra MichaelsenDepartment of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Britta LaubeDepartment of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Rüdiger BartschDepartment of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Stephan BaumgärtelVerband Schmierstoff-Industrie e.V, Hamburg, Germany.
Dietmar Breuer, Hennef, Germany.
Rolf Grebenstein, Immenstadt, Germany.
Edgar Leibold, Carlsberg, Germany.
Ruth LohmannDepartment of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Hans MerkDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Carsten SchlehAbteilung Gesundheit, Berufsgenossenschaft Holz und Metall, Munich, Germany.
Manigé FartaschDermatology Private Practice Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany.
Michael BaderBASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Hans DrexlerInstitute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
Brunhilde BlömekeDepartment of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany.
Andrea HartwigDepartment of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany. andrea.hartwig@kit.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Formaldehyde is highly reactive, causing irritation and acute and chronic toxicity in target tissues (the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin) following inhalation and/or skin contact. Moreover, formaldehyde is a local carcinogen after inhalation exposure. It induces nasal squamous cell carcinoma in laboratory animals and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in humans, albeit less convincingly. While formaldehyde has been evaluated and classified by different organizations and committees in recent years, the question has arisen of how to deal with substances that release formaldehyde. These releasers decompose in aqueous media and are frequently used as biocides in water-miscible metalworking fluids, adhesives, paints, disinfectants, and cosmetics. In this context, the MAK Commission has developed a concept for differential evaluation regarding carcinogen classification and MAK value derivation. This approach is based on hydrolysis rates as a function of pH, temperature, and concentration under physiological conditions. Furthermore, vapor pressure is considered to determine whether the formaldehyde releaser will be present as a vapor or aerosol upon inhalation. This concept is demonstrated using four examples that lead to different carcinogen classifications and MAK value derivations. Additionally, the releasers were evaluated for percutaneous absorption and sensitization.

Indexed as

CarcinogenicityFormaldehyde releasersIrritationOccupational exposure limitSensitizationSkin absorption

Identifiers

PMID42397578

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.