SynthesisSupportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer2026
Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction in oncology patients: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Radiotherapy for postoperative groin lymphatic fistulas: A systematic review of clinical outcomes and treatment planning.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeTo summarize diagnostic approaches and management strategies for dry mouth associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD420251267861). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 2011 to 8 September 2025. We included original human studies reporting xerostomia, hyposalivation, or sicca syndrome attributed to ICIs. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists for case reports and case series, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies.
resultsThirty-one studies published between 2016 and 2025 were included (17 case reports, 7 case series, and 7 observational studies), comprising 1,864 ICI-treated patients and 152 reported cases of xerostomia. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were the most frequently implicated ICIs. Onset ranged from 5 days to 22 months after ICI initiation. Diagnostic evaluation was heterogeneous, variably using salivary gland imaging and objective salivary flow. Sjögren-related autoantibodies were usually absent. Management most commonly comprised systemic corticosteroids, sialagogues, topical saliva substitutes/stimulants, and temporary or permanent ICI discontinuation. Risk of bias was overall moderate, with few high-risk studies.
conclusionThe available evidence is largely based on case reports and case series and is heterogeneous, which limits its certainty. This review offers protocols for the correct diagnosis and treatment of ICI-related dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids appears to be effective, in many cases avoiding the need to interrupt treatment. Future standardized criteria and prospective studies are needed to improve the available evidence.
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Registered trials
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