ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2026
Multidimensional analysis of tumour immune microenvironment in HCC: prognostic significance and implications for immunotherapy.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and anti-angiogenic agents represents the standard first-line therapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, most patients do not derive sustained clinical benefit. Emerging evidence has underscored a strong association between immunotherapy efficacy and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in HCC. Accordingly, this study aimed to characterize the TIME and develop a potential approach for predicting patient survival.
methodsWe analyzed a cohort of 78 patients with unresectable HCC who received ICIs combined with anti-angiogenic therapy. Four multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) panels were designed to comprehensively evaluate tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Digital pathology was applied to raw imaging data to extract TIME features, including positive rates and spatial distributions of TIICs. Machine learning algorithms were then used to construct predictive models based on TIME-associated signatures (TIS).
resultsHigh positive rates of CD103
conclusionsThe composition and spatial distribution of immune cells critically shape the TIME in HCC and influence immunotherapy outcomes. TIS-based models show promise for predicting immunotherapy response in HCC patients, though they require further validation in larger prospective cohorts. These immune cell populations may serve as prognostic biomarkers and potential targets for personalized immunotherapy.
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