ReviewJournal of global health2026
Folate and global health review series, part 4: syntheses on folate and autoimmune diseases and skeletal outcomes.
Review in Journal of global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Folate and global health: part 5. syntheses on neuropsychiatric disorders.Journal of global health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Autoimmune diseases and bone density loss (osteopenia and osteoporosis) are chronic conditions of complex aetiology that affect diverse populations. Folate may be associated with a higher risk of these disorders due to its essential role in one-carbon metabolism required for nucleotide synthesis, homocysteine metabolism, and methylation processes. However, the evidence on this association is inconclusive. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects from inception to February 2024 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the associations between folate exposure (dietary intake, supplementation, or blood concentrations) and any autoimmune diseases or skeletal outcomes. Pairs of researchers screened the retrieved syntheses, extracted the relevant data, assessed their risk of bias using the ROBIS tool, and evaluated the credibility of the evidence using predefined criteria. Results: We found 19 reviews reporting 25 unique associations: 15 on autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, human immunodeficiency virus, vitiligo, and systemic lupus erythematosus) and 10 on skeletal outcomes (fractures and bone mineral density loss). Most of the syntheses consisted of small-scale case-control studies. The risk of bias in the included syntheses was high. Owing to the small sample sizes, all the unique associations were assessed to be at a weak level of credibility. Conclusions: The evidence on the relationship between folate status and autoimmune diseases or skeletal outcomes was limited in breadth and depth. Most of the 25 unique associations were reported by a single synthesis comprising small-scale studies. Subgroup analyses or dose-response analyses were severely limited or unavailable. More well-powered, prospective studies investigating the relationships between folate and autoimmune and skeletal conditions are warranted. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42021265041.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.