ReviewRSC advances2026
Brittleness mechanisms and toughening strategies of electrical insulating polymer materials under extreme cryogenic conditions.
Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Extreme cryogenic environments in superconducting and liquid hydrogen systems pose severe challenges to electrical insulation, where polymer embrittlement leads to catastrophic failure. This review systematically elucidates the multiscale mechanisms of low-temperature embrittlement and evaluates state-of-the-art toughening strategies. We analyze the intrinsic nature of brittleness by correlating macroscopic failure with molecular-scale phenomena, including chain segment freezing and the suppression of secondary relaxations. Mainstream toughening approaches-ranging from intrinsic molecular architecture design to extrinsic nano-reinforcement-are critically discussed and compared based on their efficacy in cryogenic toughness enhancement. Distinct from existing literature, this work synthesizes the synergy between insulation performance and mechanical toughness. Finally, we propose concrete research directions, focusing on multiscale simulation-guided design and intelligent materials for multi-field coupled environments.
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