Persistent sensory processing and behavioral atypicalities in a mouse model of neonatal encephalopathy.

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury is a major risk factor for lifelong cognitive impairments. Given its systemic impact, the neural mechanisms of impairments associated with HI injury remain unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of neonatal HI injury to study its impact on goal-directed behavior and neural activity in adulthood using a head-fixed visual discrimination task. While neonatal HI injury did not impair discriminability or learning, it was associated with increased motor output in form of licking, faster reaction times and liberal decision bias, indicating an impulsive-like phenotype. These behavioral changes were accompanied by suppressed neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) and elevated cue-driven fluctuations in trial-to-trial firing variability in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the latter of which was predictive of decision bias in HI mice. Our findings identify the long term impact of neonatal HI injury on goal-directed behavior, describe in detail the task-related patterns of neural activity in HI mice, and implicate abnormal neural variability in the PFC as a driver of impulsive-like behavior in adults that suffered neonatal HI injury.