Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42394164›Full record

ArticleJournal of immunology research2026

Immunophenotypic Profiling of Lymphocyte Subsets in Children and Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Immune Dysregulation Before and After Remission.

Hanaa Nafady-Hego, Arwa Flemban, Saeed Kabrah, Hanan M Abd Elmoneim, Enas Aly, Mohamed Elgendy, Talat Albukhari, Hamed Elgendy, Hams Alaa, Ruba Almaghrabi and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of immunology research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Hanaa Nafady-HegoMicrobiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, aun.edu.eg.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-0245
Arwa FlembanDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, uqu.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8761-4280
Saeed KabrahDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, uqu.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2992-8497
Hanan M Abd ElmoneimDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, uqu.edu.sa.
Enas AlyPaediatrics Department, Al Tahrir Centre, Doha, Qatar.
Mohamed ElgendySchool of Medical Sciences Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, usm.my.
Talat AlbukhariDepartment of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, uqu.edu.sa.
Hamed ElgendyAnaesthesia Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, hamad.qa.
Hams AlaaFaculty of Medicine, Qena University, Qena, Egypt.
Ruba AlmaghrabiDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia, bu.edu.sa.
Samar N EkramDepartment of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, uqu.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-7172
Asmaa NafadyDepartment of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Qena University, Qena, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children is often associated with immune dysfunction, including alterations in regulatory T cells (Treg), impaired T-cell activation, and disrupted natural killer (NK) cell function. ALL comprises immunophenotypically heterogeneous entities, primarily B-cell ALL (B-ALL) and T-cell ALL (T-ALL). However, the dynamics of Treg subsets and their relationship with broader immune alterations across treatment stages remain insufficiently characterised.

methodsIn this prospective case-control study, peripheral blood samples were analysed from 31 children with newly diagnosed ALL (pre-remission), 20 patients in remission and 24 healthy controls (HCs). Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to assess T-cell receptor (TCR) αβ

resultsAt diagnosis, patients showed significant reductions in TCR αβ

conclusionPaediatric ALL is characterised by marked immune dysregulation involving expanded Treg populations and impaired lymphocyte activation. Although partial immune recovery occurs after remission (AR), persistent abnormalities in NK-cell and B-cell compartments suggest incomplete immune reconstitution.

Indexed as

Lymphocyte SubsetsPrecursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-LymphomaT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAdolescentAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansImmunophenotypingKiller Cells, NaturalLymphocyte ActivationMaleProspective StudiesAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyteacute lymphoblastic leukaemiamemory Tregnaïve Tregremission

Identifiers

PMID42394164
PMCPMC13328831

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.