ArticleParasites & vectors2026
Molecular characterization of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii) and their forest rangers in Hainan, China.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. are significant zoonotic enteric protozoans colonizing/parasitizing humans and animals worldwide. Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii) is a globally endangered tropical deer species. Prevalence and genetic diversity of these pathogens in wild Eld's deer and occupationally exposed human populations remain limited. This study investigated the occurrence, molecular characteristics, and zoonotic potential of these three protozoans in wild Eld's deer and their forest rangers in Hainan, China.
methodsA total of 217 fresh fecal samples were collected from wild Eld's deer across two isolated habitats, and 19 stool samples were obtained from forest rangers, within the Hainan Bangxi Provincial Nature Reserve from March to August 2021. Genomic DNA was extracted and examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the SSU rRNA region for Blastocystis sp., and by nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA region for Cryptosporidium spp., and the bg and gdh region for Giardia spp. The subtypes, species, and genotypes of positive amplicons were determined through sequence homology analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction using the neighbor-joining method.
resultsThe overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in wild Eld's deer were 25.8% (56/217), 5.5% (12/217), and 2.8% (6/217), respectively. Co-infections were detected in 3.2% (7/217) of deer samples. In Eld's deer, six Blastocystis subtypes were identified (ST10, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, ST26), with ST10 being predominant (57.1%). Five Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were characterized (Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium xiaoi, Cryptosporidium sp. bamboo rat genotype I, Cryptosporidium sp. bamboo rat genotype III, and Cryptosporidium sp. hamster genotype), with C. bovis being predominant (50.0%). All Giardia spp.-positive samples were identified as Giardia bovis (previously known as assemblage E). In the forest rangers, one Blastocystis ST3, two C. xiaoi, and one Cryptosporidium sp. hamster genotype were detected. Notably, the isolates of Cryptosporidium sp. hamster genotype in human and wild Eld's deer showed 100% homology based on SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing analysis. Three novel sequences within Blastocystis subtypes (ST10 and ST26), three novel Cryptosporidium sequences (Cryptosporidium sp. bamboo rat genotype I, Cryptosporidium sp. bamboo rat genotype III, and Cryptosporidium sp. hamster genotype), and five novel G. bovis sequences (based on bg and gdh genes) were identified.
conclusionsThis first molecular survey reveals high genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in wild Eld's deer in China, including the detection of shared Cryptosporidium species/genotypes between this endangered deer and sympatric forest rangers. These findings suggest potential zoonotic transmission at the wildlife-human interface and underscore the need for an integrated One Health surveillance strategy in protected areas to mitigate cross-species transmission risks, thereby contributing to both wildlife conservation and public health protection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.