ArticleStem cell research & therapy2026
Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiac valve cells using 2D and 3D differentiation protocols.
Article in Stem cell research & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiven the high relevance of human cardiac valve disease, recent research aims to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into valve endothelial-like cells (VELCs) and, through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), into valve interstitial-like cells (VILCs).
methodsHere, we modified a 2D differentiation protocol demonstrating that VEGF can serve as the sole driver for differentiating cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) into VELCs. Next, we utilized the so-called GiWi protocol (inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase, followed by inhibition of the Wnt pathway) to derive VELCs from 3D endocardial spheres. To this aim, hiPSCs were first differentiated into cardiac progenitor (CP) spheres using CHIR99021 (12 µM) and IWP2 (5 µM). Subsequent treatment with E8 medium containing high-dose FGF2 (100 ng/ml) resulted in endocardial spheres enriched for VELCs. For EndMT induction, endocardial spheres were MACS-sorted for PECAM1
resultsUsing VEGF as main driver to differentiate CPCs into VELCs in 2D, the generated VELCs appeared stable over time, can be maintained in vitro and transdifferentiated into ACTA2
conclusionsOverall, we developed a 2D differentiation protocol that produces stable VELCs and a high percentage of VILCs upon EndMT induction. We also established a new, efficient, and cost-effective protocol for the 3D differentiation of endocardial spheres to better mimic a physiologically relevant environment, thereby enabling improved maturation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.