Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42393656›Full record

Observational studyBMC women's health2026

Early-life exposures and risk of multiple gynecological diseases: evidence from a large community-based study of 272,706 women.

Juan Jiang, Yulian Fu, Yan Chen, Hao Liu, Zhaochen Sun, Yiheng Yin, Yuping Liu, Dongyu Li, Zhengwei Wan, Ping Shuai

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Juan Jiang *School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
Yulian Fu *School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
Yan ChenDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Hao LiuDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Zhaochen SunDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Yiheng YinDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Yuping LiuDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Dongyu LiDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China.
Zhengwei WanDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China. wanzhengwei@med.uestc.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-0882
Ping ShuaiDepartment of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 West Second Section, First Ring Rd., Qingyang Dist., Chengdu, 610000, China. huaiping@med.uestc.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China No.82401924 and No.82201812
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEarly-life exposures may influence long-term reproductive health, but comprehensive population-based evidence remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between six early-life factors (long-term/recurrent antibiotic use [LRAU], birth weight, multiple birth, breastfeeding, age at menarche and maternal smoking around birth) and the risk of six major non-neoplastic gynecological diseases in adulthood.

methodsThis large observational association study used data from 272,706 women derived from the UK Biobank, a population-based cohort resource. Six gynecological disorders-uterine fibroids (UF), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, genital prolapse, female infertility, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-were identified from hospital inpatient records, first occurrence records, and self-reports. Multivariable logistic regression was used as the primary analysis to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs), with Cox models as supplementary analyses. The primary adjusted model included age at recruitment, ethnicity, educational attainment, Townsend deprivation index, and smoking status. A Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold of P < 0.0014 was applied.

resultsAmong 272,706 women, the prevalence of the six non-neoplastic gynecological diseases ranged from 0.07% for PMS to 8.51% for UF. After Bonferroni correction, LRAU during early life was associated with higher odds of UF, PCOS, endometriosis, genital prolapse, and PMS. Earlier menarche was associated with higher odds of UF, PCOS, endometriosis, and genital prolapse. Maternal smoking around birth was associated with endometriosis, genital prolapse, and PMS. Not being breastfed as a baby was associated with endometriosis and PMS. Birth weight was associated with genital prolapse. Findings were generally consistent across Cox models and sensitivity analyses, although PMS estimates should be interpreted cautiously because of limited cases.

conclusionsThese findings suggest associations between selected early-life factors and adult non-neoplastic gynecological diseases. Some exposures are potentially modifiable, whereas others are non-modifiable. Together, these factors may help identify individuals at higher risk and inform future studies on risk stratification, but their potential preventive implications require further causal validation.

Indexed as

Genital Diseases, FemaleAdultBirth WeightBreast FeedingEndometriosisFemaleHumansInfertility, FemaleLeiomyomaMenarcheMiddle AgedPolycystic Ovary SyndromePremenstrual SyndromePrevalenceRisk FactorsSmokingEarly-life factorsNon-neoplastic gynecological diseasesPopulation-based study

Identifiers

PMID42393656
PMCPMC13599214

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.