ArticleEye (London, England)2026
Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: The Thessaloniki Eye Study.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo estimate DR prevalence, risk factors, and undiagnosed disease in the Thessaloniki Eye Study.
designCross-sectional, population-based study.
settingCommunity examinations and home visits in Thessaloniki, Greece.
participantsAdults aged 60 years or older; 2468 with gradable fundus data or fundus examination were analysed. EXPOSURES: Self-reported diabetes mellitus (DM), demographics, ocular/systemic history, and lifestyle factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: DR prevalence/severity graded from fundus photographs using a modified Airlie House system; clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO), vision-threatening retinopathy (VTR), and DR risk factors.
resultsAmong 2468 participants, DR prevalence was 6.9% (170/2468; 95% CI, 6.0%-8.0%). Among 352 participants with self-reported diabetes, 31.0% (109/352; 95% CI, 26.4%-36.0%) had DR; mild, moderate, severe non-proliferative DR, and proliferative DR were observed in 13.6%, 7.1%, 7.4%, and 2.8%, respectively. CSMO and VTR were present in 6.5% and 11.9%, respectively. Increased DR risk was associated with male gender (OR = 2.64), insulin therapy (OR = 4.87), and longer antihyperglycaemic treatment duration (OR = 1.05/year). Lower DR risk was associated with older age (OR = 0.87/year), regular alcohol intake (OR = 0.39), and migraines with aura (OR = 0.11). Among participants with DR, 73.9% were unaware of their diagnosis.
conclusionsDR affected nearly one-third of participants with diabetes, and most DR cases were undiagnosed. These findings support improved DR screening and education in older Greek adults.
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