ArticleTranslational oncology2026
Integrated multi-omics and single-cell analysis of galectins and immune associations in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Translational oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype lacking effective targeted therapies. Galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, have emerged as important mediators of tumor-immune interactions, but their cell-type-specific expression patterns and functional roles within the tumor microenvironment of TNBC remain poorly defined.
methodsWe integrated bulk transcriptomic and genomic data from FUSCC (n = 465) and TCGA (n = 161) TNBC cohorts with single-cell RNA sequencing data from 26 treatment-naïve patients. We systematically assessed galectin expression, genomic alterations, prognostic significance, associations with immune checkpoints and immune infiltration, and cell-type-specific patterns linked to immune contexts and therapeutic response.
resultsGalectin family members showed broad dysregulation in TNBC, with recurrent copy number alterations contributing to transcriptional heterogeneity. At the bulk level, LGALS2 was associated with favorable survival, while LGALS3 predicted poor prognosis. Several galectins, including LGALS2, LGALS9, and LGALS10, exhibited positive correlations with immune checkpoint expression and enriched immune infiltration, particularly involving CD8⁺ T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Single-cell analysis revealed distinct galectin expression across malignant, immune, and stromal compartments, suggesting heterogeneous transcriptomically inferred immune contexts. Galectin expression also differed by treatment response: pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy was associated with higher LGALS3 and lower LGALS2, LGALS8, and LGALS9, while pCR to chemotherapy was linked to higher LGALS9 and lower LGALS1.
conclusionsOur study comprehensively characterizes galectin family members in TNBC, revealing their prognostic significance and association with tumor microenvironment and treatment response, and highlighting the clinical and translational relevance of galectins as candidate biomarkers and hypothesis-generating molecules for future mechanistic studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.