Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42390735›Full record

ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026

Radiopaque microsphere-hydrogel composite for extended-release intratumoral immunotherapy in a large animal model.

Anup Kumar Patel, Imran Shair Mohammad, Marcin Kortylewski, Steven T Rosen, Jonathan Kessler, Julie Ressler, Cherng H Chao, Taedo Jake Choi, Chandana Lall, Catalina Guerra and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Anup Kumar PatelDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Imran Shair MohammadDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Marcin KortylewskiDepartment of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Steven T RosenDepartment of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Jonathan KesslerDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Julie ResslerDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Cherng H ChaoDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Taedo Jake ChoiDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Chandana LallDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Catalina GuerraLundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA.
F Edward BoasDepartment of Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA. fboas@coh.org.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Intratumoral injection of immune stimulants could potentially reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, but the injected drug rapidly washes out into the systemic circulation. This results in systemic toxicity, and reduced efficacy, potentially requiring daily injections to generate an antitumor immune response. To address this problem, we developed an extended-release hydrogel that retains the immunotherapy agent at the injection site, and releases it over several days, even in highly vascular liver tumors. The extended-release hydrogel is a composite material containing drug-loaded microspheres (for sustained, tunable drug release), embedded in a radiopaque cross-linked hydrogel (for local retention). Using these new intratumoral drug carriers, we demonstrate the ability to safely deliver a wide range of different immunotherapy agents (cytokines, oligonucleotides, small molecules) into pig liver tumors, with no acute systemic toxicity. The microsphere gel reduces burst release by 7.8x (compared to microspheres), and increases half-life by > 15x (compared to hydrogel). Thus, the immunotherapy-loaded microsphere gel enables sustained intratumoral delivery of immune stimulants from a single injection, with low systemic toxicity.

Indexed as

Cancer vaccineDrug deliveryDrug-eluting beadsExtended releaseInjectable hydrogelIntratumoral injectionLocal immunotherapy

Identifiers

PMID42390735

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.