ArticleBiotechnology notes (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2026
Assessment of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of marine fungal epiphytes associated with red and green algae of the Kenyan coast.
Article in Biotechnology notes (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Marine-derived fungal epiphytes represent an important yet largely unexplored source of bioactive compounds. This study investigates the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of cultivable fungal epiphytes associated with red and green algae collected from a single coastal site in Kenya. A total of 330 fungal isolates were initially identified based on their morphological characteristics. Following agar-plug screening, nine active isolates have been identified through ITS-rDNA sequencing. Ethyl acetate and methanolic fungal extracts were evaluated against six multidrug-resistant microorganisms using disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and microtiter biofilm disruption assays. The five best-performing extracts were subjected to SEM imaging, with two (Cer sp-2 and Ulr-1) further analyzed via GC-MS. Extracts from both solvents showed remarkable antibacterial effects, producing zones of inhibition that spanned between 10.00 ± 0.00 and 29.00 ± 0.00 mm. Furthermore, MIC and MBC assays revealed strong activity, with the lowest recorded values being 0.039 mg/mL and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis displayed structural changes in bacterial cells, supporting a membrane-targeting mechanism of action. They also exhibited significant anti-biofilm properties (P < 0.05-0.0001) compared to the PBS-treated control. Although most biofilm reduction percentages were relatively low, the extracts displayed measurable activity in disrupting pre-formed biofilms. GC-MS identified a diverse profile of bioactive metabolites in the two representative extracts. Overall, Kenyan coastal algae harbor bioactive fungal epiphytes with promising potential to combat multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogens. Comprehensive studies are needed to discover novel therapeutic candidates in the future.
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