ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
Effect of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure combined with biochar on lettuce yield, soil properties and leaf metabolism.
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The co-application of biochar and organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer is considered an important strategy for improving soil functions and vegetable quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments under equal total nutrient input: chemical fertilizer alone (T1), 50% substitution of chemical fertilizer nutrients with organic manure (T2), chemical fertilizer plus biochar (T3), and 50% substitution of chemical fertilizer nutrients with organic manure plus biochar (T4). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer and biochar application on lettuce yield, soil physicochemical properties, and leaf metabolomic profiles, thereby providing a scientific foundation for reducing chemical fertilizer inputs, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, and improving vegetable quality. The results showed that, compared with T1, treatments T2, T3, and T4 increased soil organic matter, pH, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, as well as lettuce yield and nutrient uptake to varying degrees, with T4 exhibiting the most pronounced overall effects. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the application of organic fertilizer and biochar significantly up-regulated phenolic acids and flavonoids in lettuce leaves and promoted the enrichment of pathways associated with secondary metabolite accumulation, such as phenolic acid biosynthesis and sulfur metabolism. Correlation analysis further indicated that the changes in leaf metabolites were significantly correlated mainly with soil organic matter, pH, and available potassium. KEGG enrichment analysis uncovered differential impacts of the fertilization treatments on metabolic pathways: organic fertilizer primarily affected the tyrosine metabolism pathway, biochar mainly influenced nitrogen metabolism-related pathways (involving zeatin and amino acids), whereas the combination of organic fertilizer and biochar predominantly affected pathways including phenolic acid biosynthesis and sulfur metabolism. In conclusion, from a metabolomics perspective, this study revealed the metabolic pathway division of labor and synergistic effects of organic fertilizer and biochar in regulating secondary metabolism in lettuce, and preliminarily established associations between soil physicochemical factors and leaf metabolites, providing new insights into the quality improvement mechanism of organic substitution combined with biochar.
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