Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42388885›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Global Socioeconomic Context and Brain Ageing in Epilepsy: an ENIGMA-Epilepsy study.

Heath R Pardoe, Orrin Devinsky, Jemima Robson Bbiomed Hons, Molly Ireland, Julie Absil, Andre Altmann, Marina Km Alvim, Donatello Arienzo, Alice Ballerini, Elisa Barbi and 84 more

Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

94 authors.

Heath R PardoeFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0123-2167
Orrin DevinskyDepartment of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Jemima Robson Bbiomed HonsFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
Molly IrelandFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
Julie AbsilHUB Hôpital Erasme - Radiology - MRI Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
Andre AltmannUCL Hawkes Institute, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9265-2393
Marina Km AlvimNeuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Donatello ArienzoDepartment of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences & Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Alice BalleriniDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Elisa BarbiNeuroscience and Human Genetics Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
Emanuele BartoliniDepartment of Developmental Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
Tobias BauerDepartment of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0555-6214
Andrea BernasconiDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
Neda BernasconiDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
Boris BernhardtDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-9256-6041
Karen BlackmonDepartment of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
Paolo BonanniScientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Italy.
Leonardo BonilhaDepartment of Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
Paolo BoscoIRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy.
Jacob BunyaminDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Maria Eugenia CaligiuriInstitute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
Fernando CendesNeuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-9336-9568
Raphaël ChristinDepartment of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Luis ConchaInstitute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-7842-3869
Merran R CourtneyDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1426-0762
Raul R CrucesMcConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-2917-1212
Alberto DanieliEpilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano, Italy.
Kathryn A DavisDepartment of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7020-6480
Chantal DepondtDepartment of Neurology, CUB Erasme Hospital, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
Patricia DuganDepartment of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Gian Marco DumaScientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0778-3920
John S DuncanResearch Department of Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1373-0681
Jerome EngelDepartment of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Carolina Ferreira AtuestaDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Niels Kn FockeDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Francesco FortunatoInstitute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8395-7809
Cesare GagliardoDepartment of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Marian GalovicDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-2307-071X
Antonio GambardellaInstitute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7384-3074
Taha GholipourDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Ezequiel GleichgerrchtDepartment of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Renzo GuerriniNeuroscience and Human Genetics Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
M V GuleNeuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Ev-Christin HeideDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Sara InatiNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Victoria Ives-DeliperiNeuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Graeme D JacksonFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Sarah JacobsNeuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Jonathan K KleenDepartment of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2622-3205
Raviteja KotikalapudiDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4604-3367
Mohamad Zakaria KoubeissiDepartment of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Angelo LabateNeurology Clinic, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Sara LarivèreDepartment of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
Matteo LengeNeuroscience and Human Genetics Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2848-621X
Helena MartinsUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Mario MascalchiDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Stefano MelettiDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0334-539X
Patrick B MoloneyResearch Department of Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
Terence J O'BrienDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Conor Owens-WaltonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0589-638X
Costanza ParodiNeuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
Antonella RivaDepartment of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9152-5571
Rebecca W RothDepartment of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jessica RoyerMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Theodor RüberDepartment of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-6180-7671
Luca SabaDepartment of Radiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Ilaria SammarraInstitute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
Lucas Scárdua-SilvaNeuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-0645-8456
Kai Michael SchubertDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-1438-7544
Leigh SepetaDepartment of Neuropsychology, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
Mariasavina SeverinoNeuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4730-5322
Ben SinclairDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Nishant SinhaDepartment of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Richard J StabaDepartment of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2285-5627
Dan J SteinSAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Joel M SteinDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0741-1780
Travis R StoubDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
Pasquale StrianoIRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", full member of ERN EpiCARE, Genova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-6065-1476
Rainer SurgesDepartment of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Robert TerzievDepartment of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Sophia I ThomopoulosImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0046-4070
Manuela TondelliDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Domenico TortoraNeuroradiology Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5621-4046
Sebastiano VaccaCenter for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
Anna Elisabetta VaudanoDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Lucy VivashDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Kimberley C WilliamsNeuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Clarissa L YasudaState University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Zhiqiang ZhangJinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Erik KaestnerDepartment of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences & Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3252-5365
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4720-8867
Sanjay M SisodiyaResearch Department of Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
Carrie R McDonaldDepartment of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences & Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Brain structural differences consistent with an older-appearing brain have been reported in people with epilepsy, but the extent to which these differences reflect clinical characteristics vs broader socioeconomic context is unclear. We investigated whether country-level socioeconomic factors are associated with neuroanatomical differences in adults with epilepsy using MRI-based age prediction, along with epilepsy subtype, sex, and clinical factors. Methods: Structural MRI and clinical data were collected from 26 epilepsy centres across 12 countries in the Americas, Australia, Europe, Asia and Africa. MRI-based age estimates were estimated using a previously developed prediction model trained on 29,175 healthy subjects. Brain predicted age difference (BrainPAD) was calculated as the difference between MRI-predicted brain age and chronological age. National gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and income inequality (Gini index) were obtained from the World Bank. Associations between BrainPAD and epilepsy subtype (temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal epilepsy, and genetic generalised epilepsy), national socioeconomic context (GDP per capita and Gini index), age and sex were assessed using regression models. Results: We analyzed 2,109 individuals with epilepsy and 1,041 healthy non-epilepsy controls (57% female; median age = 35; range 17-83). BrainPAD was higher in epilepsy than controls (β 4.2 years, SE 0.4; t=10.6), with increases ranging from 2.5 to 6 years across subtypes. Male sex was associated with 1 year higher BrainPAD relative to females (SE 0.33, t=3.12). There were no main effects of GDP or Gini index; however, significant interactions between were observed. The effect of epilepsy on BrainPAD was greater in countries with lower GDP per capita (t=-2.74) and higher income inequality (t=2.72). Conclusions: Clinical factors and socioeconomic context both influence brain structural ageing in epilepsy. These findings highlight the importance of geographic and economic diversity in neuroimaging research and underscore the relevance of global socioeconomic context when interpreting brain health measures.

Identifiers

PMID42388885
PMCPMC13317623

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.