ArticleTobacco induced diseases2026
Smoking inequalities among culturally diverse populations in Australia: A secondary dataset analysis of the HILDA survey 2002-2019.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionGiven that over 7 million Australians are born overseas, this study aimed to examine smoking prevalence, trends, and inequalities across major cultural subpopulations in Australia from 2002 to 2019, using a causal weighting method.
methodsThis was a secondary analysis of repeated cross-sectional data from 18 waves (2002-2019) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Respondents aged ≥15 years with smoking status and region of birth were grouped into six cultural subpopulations. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to adjust for sociodemographic characteristics across six cultural subpopulations. Inequalities in never, current, and ex-smokers were assessed using prevalence differences and ratios, stratified by sex, with Australian-born individuals as the reference group.
resultsAbsolute differences (per 100 people) in never smoking prevalence between the group with the poorest smoking prevalence and the Australian-born group, decreased from -16.53% (95% CI: -18.17 - -14.89) to -10.84% (95% CI: -12.24 - -9.43), and from -7.56% (95% CI: -11.88 - -3.24) to -4.01% (95% CI: -8.16-0.14) in ex-smoking prevalence. However, absolute differences in current smoking increased from 3.49% (95% CI: -0.70-7.68) to 9.09% (95% CI: 5.52-12.66). Men from the Middle East and Africa and women from Europe, the Middle East, and Africa had the poorest outcomes, with increasing current smoking and declining never smoking prevalence.
conclusionsWhile inequalities in never and ex-smoking prevalence have narrowed, inequalities in current smoking persist or have worsened among specific subgroups. These findings indicate persistent smoking inequalities among certain immigrant subgroups, suggesting the need for further research to understand better the social, cultural, and structural factors that may underlie these patterns and guide future equity-focused tobacco control strategies.
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