ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Does the health system model shape prevention? Evidence from 22 OECD countries (2004-2023).
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Against a background of population ageing, rising healthcare costs, and growing public-health challenges, this study analysed trends in the share of total health expenditure allocated to preventive care from 2004 to 2023 in 22 European countries, examining whether specific health systems are associated with different relative budgetary prioritisation of preventive care. Although there are few studies investigating this issue adopting the standard tripartite classification, to our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the topic using the latest classification of healthcare systems proposed by Böhm. Methods: We conducted a time-trend analysis using secondary data from 22 European OECD countries over a twenty-year period (2004-2023); in addition, a hierarchical semi-log polynomial mixed-effects regression analysis has been performed, including annual country-level percentage of total health expenditure allocated to preventive care in association with the three structural dimensions - regulation, financing and provision - according to Böhm's classification as explanatory variables. Results: Our results indicate that, in terms of compound annual rate, most countries exhibited an increase in the preventive-care expenditure share (between 0.2% and 3.7%), while seven countries showed a decrease (between -6.3% and -0.2%) during the considered period. The regression analysis shows that the trend of the preventive-care expenditure share did not differ in two of the three dimensions under study: financing and provision. In contrast, in countries with societal regulation, the curvilinear trend was more pronounced than in countries with statal regulation ( Discussion: In conclusion, we found limited evidence that health-system type was associated with the relative share of health expenditure allocated to preventive care in the countries analysed; these findings suggest that the relative budgetary prioritisation of preventive care may be shaped less by formal health-system architecture than by contextual factors, including political priorities, public-health strategies, and major external shocks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.