Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42388764›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2026

Population immunity to hepatitis B virus and infection marker seroprevalence in Belgrade, Serbia.

Anna Yu Popova, Alesia Yu Olkhovskaya, Luka Dragačević, Olga A Petrova, Yulia V Ostankova, Svetlana A Egorova, Alexandr N Schemelev, Marija Petrušić, Ekaterina V Anufrieva, Anastasiya R Ivanova and 11 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Anna Yu PopovaFederal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare, Moscow, Russia.
Alesia Yu OlkhovskayaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Luka DragačevićInstitute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
Olga A PetrovaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Yulia V OstankovaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Svetlana A EgorovaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Alexandr N SchemelevSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Marija PetrušićInstitute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
Ekaterina V AnufrievaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Anastasiya R IvanovaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Irina V DrozdSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Ojuna B ZhimbaevaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Darija K TepavcevicInstitute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
Jelena ProtićInstitute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
Ekaterina M DanilovaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Angelica M MilichkinaSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Valeri A IvanovSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Oleg V KotsarSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Edward S RamsaySaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Vyacheslav Y SmolenskyFederal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare, Moscow, Russia.
Areg A TotolianSaint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite global progress in hepatitis B (HB) control, assessing herd immunity and the hidden burden of infection remains critical. Aim: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate immunity to hepatitis B virus and HB marker prevalence in the Belgradian population (Serbia) based on infection/vaccination status and socio-demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Belgrade in May 2024, involving 2,533 individuals. Serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) were evaluated using ELISA. Statistical analysis included the calculation of 95% confidence intervals, the χ Results: The overall HBsAg prevalence was 1.0% (25/2,533), classifying Serbia as a low-endemicity region. The seroprevalence of anti-HBc and anti-HBs was 8.7% (220/2,533) and 21.6% (547/2,533), respectively. A clear age-dependent trend was observed. Markers of infection (HBsAg, anti-HBc) increased significantly with age ( Conclusion: The study confirms the success of the universal child vaccination program in Serbia, which has led to the formation of a protected younger generation. However, a significant susceptible stratum persists among the adult population, alongside a high rate of undiagnosed infections, particularly in the older adults. These findings underscore the necessity of implementing targeted adult screening programs and optimizing vaccination strategies to achieve HB elimination.

Indexed as

Hepatitis BHepatitis B virusAdolescentAdultAgedBiomarkersChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHepatitis B AntibodiesHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitis B VaccinesHumansInfantMaleBiomarkersHepatitis B AntibodiesHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitis B Vaccinesantibodiescohort studyhepatitis Bhepatitis B virus (HBV)herd immunitySerbiaseroprevalencevaccine-preventable diseases

Identifiers

PMID42388764
PMCPMC13319082

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.