ArticleJournal of caring sciences2026
Music Therapy for Pain and Anxiety control in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration: A Systematic review and Meta-analysis.
Article in Journal of caring sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Introduction: Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration (BMBA) are invasive and painful procedures used to diagnose and monitor hematologic and non-hematologic disorders. Music therapy is known as a non- pharmacological approach to pain and anxiety management. However, there is an inconsistent findings regarding the effectiveness of music intervention on pain and anxiety control. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize and analyze the available evidence. Methods: In this systematic review, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and SID (Scientific Information Database) databases were searched until December 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies in English were eligible. Following screening, 4 studies (3 RCTs and 1 quasi-experimental study) were included. For meta-analysis, pain outcomes were analyzed using 3 RCTs, and anxiety outcomes were analyzed using all 4 studies (3 RCTs and 1 quasi-experimental study). Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools (ROB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies). Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3, with standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals calculated for pain and anxiety outcomes. Results: Four studies (257 patients) were included in the review. Meta-analysis of the data showed listening to music during the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may reduce pain (SMD -1.05, 95% CI -1.63 to -0.48; 3 trails), and anxiety (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.07). However, the certainty of evidence for both outcomes was assessed as very low according to the GRADE approach, due to serious risk of bias, inconsistency, and imprecision. Conclusion: Pain and anxiety are common during BMBA. While music therapy has been studied, the evidence is of very low certainty, so no strong clinical recommendations can be made. More high-quality, large-scale studies with standardized methods are needed to determine if music therapy is effective.
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