ArticleVeterinary medicine international2026
Methodological Factors Affecting Canine Vaginal Cytology: The Influence of Sampling Site, Swab Condition, and Fixation Method.
Article in Veterinary medicine international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Methodological Factors Affecting Canine Vaginal Cytology: The Influence of Sampling Site, Swab Condition, and Fixation Method.Veterinary medicine international · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Vaginal cytology is widely used for cycle staging in bitches because of its practicality and low cost; however, its diagnostic reliability is strongly influenced by methodological variability. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of sampling site, swab type, and fixation method on the interpretation of exfoliative vaginal cytology. Materials and Methods: Exfoliative vaginal cytology samples were obtained from 332 clinically healthy bitches representing all stages of the estrous cycle. Samples were collected from different locations (vestibulum vs. vagina) using either dry or saline-moistened swabs and prepared as air-dried or spray-fixed smears, followed by eosin-thiazine staining. Clinical examination and serum progesterone concentrations served as the reference method for cycle staging. Results: The proportions of different cell types were significantly influenced by the sampling location. Vestibular smears contained higher proportions of keratinized and intermediate cells ( Conclusion: Among the factors evaluated, only the sampling location exerted a clinically relevant effect on cycle stage determination, particularly for distinguishing proestrus from estrus.
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