ReviewFrontiers in dental medicine2026
Three-dimensional condylar and glenoid fossa changes following functional appliance therapy in class II malocclusion: a systematic review.
Review in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Functional appliance therapy is widely used for the management of Class II malocclusion in growing patients, aiming to enhance mandibular growth through anterior repositioning of the mandible. This forward positioning is believed to induce adaptive remodeling within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), particularly in the condyle and glenoid fossa. With the advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), three-dimensional evaluation of these structures has become more precise, however, existing evidence remains heterogeneous and inconclusive. Objective: To systematically evaluate three-dimensional changes in condylar morphology, position, and glenoid fossa remodeling following functional appliance therapy in growing patients with Class II malocclusion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261379151). Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched up to December 2025. Studies involving growing patients treated with functional appliances and assessed using CBCT were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and RoB 2 tool. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Results: Seven studies comprising 258 patients were included. Twin Block appliances demonstrated significant increases in condylar volume and forward positioning, whereas Herbst appliances showed modest increases in condylar dimensions with relatively stable condyle-fossa relationships. Glenoid fossa remodeling was inconsistently reported. Overall, TMJ changes were mild to moderate, with variability across studies. Conclusion: Functional appliances induce adaptive three-dimensional changes in the condyle, while glenoid fossa remodeling is limited and inconsistent. Skeletal correction in Class II malocclusion appears multifactorial, with TMJ adaptation contributing modestly to treatment outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.