Advanced Multiscale Inhalation Platforms for Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases.

Pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer, pose a significant threat to global health. Their high incidence and mortality rates highlight the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. Traditional treatments such as oral and injection administrations face limitations like first-pass effects, low bioavailability, and systemic toxicity, which restrict their therapeutic efficacy. Inhaled preparations, with advantages such as uniform drug distribution, rapid onset, high bioavailability, and avoidance of hepatic first-pass effects, have become effective means for treating lung diseases. This article reviews the research progress of novel inhaled preparations (nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, biomimetic platforms) in treating lung diseases, aiming to explore the development and application of novel inhaled formulations driven by advancements in nanotechnology, biomaterials and preparation processes, thereby providing new possibilities for lung disease treatment. Overall, the research and application prospects of novel inhaled preparations are broad, promising more effective and safer treatment options for patients with pulmonary diseases.