Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42388135›Full record

ArticleTheScientificWorldJournal2026

Fear of COVID-19: A Comparative Study Among University Students in Peru.

Carmen Y Baltazar-Meza, María Custodio, Patricia Roxana Zarela Quispe-Baltazar, Carmen Soledad Mejía-Murillo, Flor Del Rosario Díaz-Díaz, Ciro Lazo-Salcedo

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in TheScientificWorldJournal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Carmen Y Baltazar-MezaAcademic Department of Education, National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-061X
María CustodioAcademic Department of Human Medicine, National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-010X
Patricia Roxana Zarela Quispe-BaltazarMirones Bajo Community Mental Health Center, MINSA-DIRIS, Lima, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2458-5360
Carmen Soledad Mejía-MurilloCollage of Education and Humanities, San Pedro University, Chimbote, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-601X
Flor Del Rosario Díaz-DíazAcademic Department of Philosophy and Art, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru, unitru.edu.pe.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-2336
Ciro Lazo-SalcedoAcademic Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hermilio Valdizán National University, Huánuco, Peru.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-1872

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected university students' mental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of fear associated with COVID-19 in university students from the Coast, Sierra, and the Jungle regions of Peru between April and May 2020. The sample consisted of 915 university students from the three regions of Peru. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to assess fear and its dimensions (psychological and somatic symptoms). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test to compare group means. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors of fear. Results showed a moderate overall level of fear, with significant differences by sex and geographic region. Women reported significantly higher levels of fear than men (p < 0.001), suggesting a disproportionate psychological impact on this group. Furthermore, students from the Coast reported significantly higher levels of psychological symptoms of fear compared to those from the Sierra and Jungle regions (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis identified sex, region, and field of study as significant predictors of fear (p < 0.05). These findings confirm that fear of COVID-19 had a prominent and differentiated psychological impact on the Peruvian university population. These results underscore the need to implement targeted intervention strategies and mental health programs that consider variations by sex and region in future health crisis contexts.

Indexed as

COVID-19FearStudentsAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMalePandemicsPeruSARS-CoV-2UniversitiesYoung AdultCOVID-19fear of COVID-19health crisismental healthpsychological symptomsuniversity students

Identifiers

PMID42388135
PMCPMC13324466

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.