ArticleBMC psychology2026
Who are these football fans: development of fan identity inventory.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop the Football Fan Identity Inventory and to examine its psychometric properties. The study was conducted using a multi-stage scale development design. In the initial stage, an item pool was developed based on qualitative responses obtained from participants and expert evaluations. Data were collected from football fans through convenience sampling across four independent samples (n = 256, n = 299, n = 308, and n = 208). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to determine and validate the factor structure of the scale. The results revealed a four-factor structure consisting of 22 items, explaining 74.24% of the total variance. The model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df = 2.29-2.41, CFI = 0.98-0.99, RMSEA = 0.065-0.068). Reliability analyses indicated high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.957). The findings suggest that the Football Fan Identity Inventory is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing different dimensions of football fan identity. The scale provides a useful tool for researchers and practitioners to better understand fan behavior and engagement.
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