ArticleAdvances in simulation (London, England)2026
Self-efficacy in mass casualty incident training using mixed reality.
Article in Advances in simulation (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThroughout Europe, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) rely heavily on Medical First Responders (MFR) to ensure early stabilization and appropriate handling of complex Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI). Mixed Reality (MR), also known as Augmented Reality (AR), provides interactive training by integrating real environments with digital components. This technology enables MFR to practise complex decision-making and hands-on interventions in high-stress, simulated scenarios. However, assessing its genuine effectiveness remains challenging, as true competency is often difficult to demonstrate outside real-life emergencies. This study aims to measure pre- and post-test changes in perceived self-efficacy among MFR following a targeted MR intervention focused specifically on the initial management of MCI.
methodA pre-test/post-test survey design was employed with 274 MFR who underwent detailed MR training simulating complex, early-stage MCI scenarios. To analyze the intervention's precise impact on participant confidence, data were analyzed using both within- and between-subjects ANOVA, providing information about the change in self-efficacy across the cohort.
resultsThe analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in perceived self-efficacy among the 274 participants following the training (F(1,270)=169.36, p<.01, η
conclusionFindings suggest that MR training significantly enhances MFRs' perceived self-efficacy in managing MCIs. Consequently, integrating immersive MR technologies into emergency training programs may represent a valuable complementary strategy for strengthening organizational disaster preparedness and improving MFR confidence and decision-making skills in high-stakes situations.
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