ArticleBMC medical education2026
Development and validation of the SMART-BPPV: a multimedia learning module for BPPV education.
Article in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most prevalent vestibular disorder in clinical practice, yet its diagnosis and management remain challenging for trainees due to their procedural and interpretation-dependent nature. Existing teaching approaches are often variable, lack standardisation, and provide limited support for skill acquisition. While multimedia learning is increasingly adopted in medical education, few resources are systematically developed and rigorously validated, particularly in vestibular training. This study aimed to develop and validate the content and face validity of the SMART-BPPV multimedia learning tool for BPPV education.
methodsThis methodological study followed the ADDIE instructional design framework. After completion of the analysis, design, and development phases, the module underwent structured content and face validation. Seven experts in otorhinolaryngology and audiology assessed content relevance and clarity using a 4-point scale. Item- and scale-level Content Validity Indices (I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave) and chance-corrected agreement statistics were calculated. Face validity was evaluated by 30 medical officers assessing clarity, usability, and relevance.
resultsThe module demonstrated excellent content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.987; I-CVI = 0.857-1.000; k* = 0.848-1.000). Interrater agreement using Gwet's AC1 was near-perfect (0.976), while Fleiss' κ (- 0.01) reflected the known paradox associated with highly uniform ratings. Face validity was similarly high (S-FVI/Ave = 0.999; I-FVI = 0.967-1.000). Qualitative feedback consistently highlighted clarity, logical organisation, and effective visual design, with minor refinements incorporated.
conclusionsSMART-BPPV demonstrated excellent content and face validity, supporting its suitability as a structured educational resource for introductory BPPV education. Future studies should evaluate its impact on knowledge acquisition and procedural performance.
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