ArticleBMJ open2026
Spatial autocorrelation and regression approach for delineating maternal mortality and its associated factors in Karnataka, India.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThe main objective of this study is to assess the temporal distribution of taluk (sub-district)-level maternal mortality trends within Karnataka and identify the hotspots and medical and non-medical factors that were significantly contributing to maternal deaths.
designSpatial patterns and determinants of maternal mortality were investigated using a retrospective ecological study design. DATA SOURCE: Maternal mortality data were collected from the Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, while political boundaries of state, districts and taluks were downloaded from the Karnataka Geographic Information System Portal. METHODOLOGY: Taluk-wise (sub-district level) maternal mortality ratio was mapped using GeoPandas software. Global and local Moran's I along with spatial regression was performed using GeoDa software in evaluating the spatial dependence and identifying significant predictors of maternal mortality.
resultsMaternal mortality varied geographically, according to thematic maps, and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation map showed high-high clustering (nine taluks (5.1%)) with positive Moran's I (0.114). Descriptive analysis of time of death revealed that the majority of maternal deaths (39.82%) occurred within 48 h postpartum, followed by 2-7 (20.95%) and 8-30 (16.23%) days. The spatial error model showed negative associations for antenatal care at the sub-centre, SDHs, deliveries conducted by doctors and private hospital (β=-0.047 to -0.184, p<0.05), and a positive association was found for below poverty line, stillbirths, parity 1 and deliveries at medical colleges (β=0.112-0.758, p<0.05) with a λ value of 0.286. Primary postpartum haemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, cardiorespiratory disorders and other direct and indirect causes were identified as major contributors to maternal mortality in the spatial lag model (β=0.273 to 1.926, p<0.05, ρ=-0.077).
conclusionSpatial analysis revealed geographic hotspots, temporal risk windows and socio-economic and medical determinants of maternal mortality in Karnataka. These findings provide actionable evidence for spatially targeted, temporally focused and socio-clinically comprehensive maternal health interventions.
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