ArticleEBioMedicine2026
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy on non-adjuvanted CD40-targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
30 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThe emergence of antigenically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants increases the risk of immune escape and requires continually updated vaccines. In addition, short-lived specific immunity is a limitation faced by current COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against Sarbecoviruses. This underscores the need for new vaccine approaches providing lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
methodsHere, we demonstrate the capacity of two non-adjuvanted subunit vaccines to induce long-lasting and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in macaques. We designed antibody-mediated vaccines (AMV) leveraging an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody to enhance immune responses by targeting selected antigens to antigen-presenting cells through the CD40 receptor. The CD40.RBDv vaccine targets sequences from the original Wuhan RBD and a mutated RBD, while CD40.Pan.CoV incorporates a conserved nucleocapsid sequence and a mutated RBD region.
findingsWe show that both adjuvant-free vaccines induce robust and durable systemic and mucosal anti-RBD antibody responses that neutralise multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in naive and SARS-CoV-2 convalescent animals, including recent variants such as XFG. In convalescents, mathematical modelling predicted persistence of vaccine-induced antibody for decades. Additionally, the vaccines boost immune responses in mRNA-vaccinated animals, demonstrating the efficiency of CD40-based vaccines as boosters. Both vaccines protect animals against B.1.617.2 Delta and BA.1 Omicron challenges. Viral control correlates with vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal antibody levels and T-cell responses.
interpretationThese findings support the ability of AMV targeting CD40 to induce strong, long-lasting responses against adapted antigens and broad protection against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants without requiring adjuvant. These two vaccine candidates are currently under clinical testing.
fundingThe Investissements d'Avenir program (ANR-10-LABX-77-01 and ANR-11-INBS-0008), the PSPC COVID-19 - Project EVIDENCE.
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