Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42384735›Full record

ArticlePloS one2026

10 recommendations for strengthening citizen science for improved societal and ecological outcomes: A co-produced analysis of challenges and opportunities in the 21st century.

Jack S Nunn, Håkon da Silva Hyldmo, Lauren McKnight, Heather McCulloch, Jennifer Lavers, Julie Old, Laura Smith, Nicola Grobler, Cheryl Tan Kay Yin, Wing Yan Chan and 8 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Jack S NunnScience for All, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-3254
Håkon da Silva HyldmoDepartment of Geography and Social Anthropology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-6878
Lauren McKnightFaculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Heather McCullochJBI, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0065-3654
Jennifer LaversAdrift Lab, Underwood, Lutruwita/Tasmania, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7596-6588
Julie OldSchool of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2754-7757
Laura SmithSchool of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Nicola GroblerQueensland Trust for Nature, Queensland, Australia.
Cheryl Tan Kay YinScience for All, Australia.
Wing Yan ChanDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Candice RaeburnScience for All, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6207
Nittya S M SimardSunshine Coast Council, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-8430
Adam Kingsley SmithReef Ecologic, Australia.
Sam Van HolsbeeckForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-8036
Eleanor DrinkwaterSchool of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.
Kit PrendergastCentre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1164-6099
Emma BurrowsFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Christopher L LawsonCentre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-6560

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Citizen science plays an increasingly important role in generating scientific knowledge and supporting environmental and social action. However, its potential to address complex global challenges remains underutilised. This study explores how citizen science can be improved by involving the public in all stages of scientific research. Using participatory research methods, online surveys and group discussions were conducted with researchers, citizen scientists, and Indigenous participants. Thematic coding was used to identify key challenges, opportunities, and best practices to enhance citizen science initiatives. Additionally, nine case studies were reported using the Standardised Data on Initiatives (STARDIT) reporting tool. The study identified key strategies for improving involvement, engagement and retention in citizen science initiatives. Findings underscore the importance of inclusive, evidence-informed approaches such as targeted outreach, fair compensation, tailored support, and co-creation practices. Ensuring data quality and fostering trust require adherence to FAIR data principles (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable), transparent validation and sharing processes, and establishing ethical research partnerships. Persistent challenges include short-term funding, which undermines long-term project sustainability, and the lack of centralised support for ethics and project management. Formal recognition of citizen scientists through co-authorship, standardised training, and professional development opportunities can further strengthen involvement and build capacity. Finally, emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence and open data platforms, present opportunities to scale and improve efficiency, provided they are implemented with appropriate ethical safeguards and investment. Drawing together these insights, we provide 10 actionable recommendations for citizen science in the 21st century. These highlight the importance of embedding citizen science in national research infrastructure, education, and policy, alongside consistent evaluation and reporting, to improve its inclusivity, longevity, and impact. We conclude by arguing that as the world confronts climate change, public health crises, and biodiversity loss, broader public involvement in science is key for equitable, efficient and evidence-informed responses.

Indexed as

Citizen ScienceEcologyHumans

Identifiers

PMID42384735
PMCPMC13322523

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.