ArticlePlanta2026
Comparative chloroplast genomics of Verbenaceae: structural divergence, adaptive evolution, and phylogenomic insights.
Article in Planta, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
MAIN
conclusionThe present study established a chloroplast genomic foundation for Verbenaceae phylogenetics and reveals natural selection as the primary force that governs codon usage evolution. Species within Verbenaceae family hold considerable medicinal, economic, and ornamental value, and play critical roles in maintaining ecosystem biodiversity. Despite these multifaceted applications, comprehensive studies on their chloroplast genome characteristics, codon usage patterns, and evolutionary dynamics remain limited. Here, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genomes of Verbena bonariensis, Glandularia tenera, and Verbena officinalis, and conducted comparative analyses with eight additional Verbenaceae species. All 11 species exhibited the typical quadripartite structure, with genome lengths ranging from 149,869 to 155,079 bp and GC contents varying between 38.23% and 39.25%. Collinearity analysis revealed highly conserved synteny across species. Phylogenetic reconstruction supported a close evolutionary affinity between Verbena and Glandularia. Codon usage bias analysis indicated a preference for A/U-ending codons, with each species exhibiting 29-30 codons with RSCU > 1. Effective number of codons (ENC) analysis suggested weak codon usage bias across all species. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis identified 46-80 SSRs per species, predominantly mononucleotide repeats, primarily located in noncoding regions. ENC-GC3s, parity rule 2 (PR2), and neutrality analyses collectively indicated that natural selection is the predominant force shaping codon usage patterns. Selection pressure analysis further revealed pervasive strong purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 0.5) across most genes. Together, our findings provide an important genomic foundation for phylogenetic reconstruction, molecular evolution, and genetic resource utilization within Verbenaceae.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42384218What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.