ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026
The Burden of Witnessing: The Impact of Vicarious Experiences of Racism & Anti-Immigrant Discrimination on Healthcare Utilization.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experiencing racism and anti-immigrant discrimination has a negative impact on health, including healthcare utilization. A growing body of research has connected vicarious experiences of racism and anti-immigrant discrimination to health decline; however, there is a dearth of literature examining the impact of these vicarious experiences on healthcare utilization. Using data from the 2023 and 2024 California Health Interview Survey (n = 46,481), we examined the association between vicarious experiences of hate incidents in the last 12 months motivated by race or skin color and immigration status and indicators of healthcare utilization in the past 12 months. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of all study outcomes. Analyses were stratified by white and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) for hate incidents motivated by race or skin color, and by United States (US) born citizens, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens for hate incidents motivated by immigrant status. After accounting for confounders, among all participants, witnessing a hate incident motivated by the race or skin color of the target was associated with higher odds of foregoing or delaying healthcare services, receiving care from telemedicine, and visiting the emergency room. Among the entire sample, witnessing a hate incident motivated by immigration status of the target was associated with higher odds of foregoing or delaying healthcare services and receiving care from telemedicine. Witnessing hate incidents motivated by race, skin color, or immigrant status has a negative impact on healthcare utilization for everyone, regardless of racial background or citizenship status.
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Registered trials
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