ArticleThe Saudi dental journal2026
Salivary osteocalcin as a biomarker for periodontal disease progression and treatment response: a prospective longitudinal study.
Article in The Saudi dental journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide and leading to irreversible alveolar bone loss. Although salivary biomarkers are potentially non-invasive diagnostic targets, the longitudinal changes in osteocalcin (a marker of bone turnover) following periodontal therapy have been poorly described across levels of disease progression. In this prospective longitudinal study, a new multimodal method combining salivary biomarker analysis and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was employed. A total of 100 patients (25 systemically healthy controls and 75 patients with periodontitis, stratified into Stages I, II, or III according to the World Workshop 2017 classification) received non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Salivary osteocalcin and clinical parameters (PPD, CAL, PI) were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The sample size was estimated by G*Power software to achieve reliable power (> 90%) for detecting clinically important correlations. Baseline salivary osteocalcin levels showed a stage-dependent increase, with Stage III patients exhibiting concentrations 4.7-fold higher than those of healthy controls (28.5 ± 4.1 vs. 6.1 ± 1.9 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Temporal trajectory analysis revealed that the greatest therapeutic effect occurred within the first three months post-NSPT, with Stage III patients showing a 30.5% reduction in osteocalcin by six months. Strong correlations were observed between osteocalcin and CAL (r = 0.88, p < 0.001), with treatment-induced changes in osteocalcin significantly predicting clinical improvement (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). Salivary osteocalcin may be a valid, non-invasive biomarker of the metabolism of the periodontal bone. Early post-treatment red detection offers an important therapeutic window to optimize follow-up intervals based on treatment, and it can be incorporated into the personalized periodontal care workflow.
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