Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42384070›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2026

A Secular Increase in the Incidence of Islet Autoimmunity Among Colorado Children With Moderate-Risk HLA Genotypes.

Kirk R Hohsfield, Fran Dong, Kathleen Waugh, Andrea K Steck, Teresa Buckner, Randi K Johnson, Patrick M Carry, Brigitte Frohnert, Marian Rewers, Jill M Norris

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Kirk R HohsfieldDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0002-6707-7913
Fran DongBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.
Kathleen WaughBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.
Andrea K SteckBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0002-5931-9484
Teresa BucknerDepartment of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO.ORCID 0000-0002-5831-1683
Randi K JohnsonDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0001-9345-4439
Patrick M CarryDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0002-2989-7080
Brigitte FrohnertBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0002-6636-4048
Marian RewersBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0003-3829-9207
Jill M NorrisDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.ORCID 0000-0001-8674-2598

Funding

Limited Competition: Continued Follow-up of Subjects and Initiation of a Second Case-control Cohort in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in The Young Study (TEDDY)U01DK128847 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI JEFFREY P KRISCHER · 2021 to 2026
$79.2M
Data Coordinating Center (DCC)for the Consortium for Identification of EnvironmenUC4DK095300 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2011 to 2011
$56.0M
NIH Prior Approval Process ProfessionalUL1TR002535 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI SOKOL, RONALD J. · 2018 to 2022
$51.1M
Data Coordinating CenterU01DK063790 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2002 to 2006
$50.1M
Follow-up on Subjects, Integrative Data Analysis and Measurement of Viral Antibodies in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in The Young Study (TEDDY)U01DK124166 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2020 to 2022
$31.1M
NIDDK Follow-up on Subjects and Immunological Assessments in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes In The Young Study (TEDDY) (UC4)UC4DK117483 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2017 to 2020
$30.4M
Establish a Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Consortium for Identification UC4DK100238 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2014 to 2014
$28.9M
The Study of Epigenetics and Infections in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY)UC4DK112243 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2016 to 2016
$27.0M
Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Consortium for Identification of Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) StudyUC4DK106955 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KRISCHER, JEFFREY P · 2015 to 2015
$20.0M
The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in Young (TEDDY0U01DK063863 · NIDDK · HOSPITAL DISTRICT OF SOUTHWEST FINLAND · PI TOPPARI, JORMA · 2003 to 2022
$13.5M
The Environmental Triggers of Diabetes (TEDDY) in SwedenU01DK063861 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI LERNMARK, AKE · 2003 to 2022
$13.4M
THE TEDDY STUDY - COLORADO CLINICAL CENTERU01DK063821 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI REWERS, MARIAN J · 2003 to 2022
$12.3M
Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R21-AI142483National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000064NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI142483NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK116073NIDDK NIH HHS P30-DK116073NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK032493NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK104351NIDDK NIH HHS R01-DK104351NIDDK NIH HHS R01-DK32493NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063790NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063821NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063829NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063836NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063861NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063863NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063865NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK124166NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK128847NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063821NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063829NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063836NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063861NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063863NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK063865NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK095300NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK100238NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK106955NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK112243NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK117483NIH HHS HHSN267200700014CNIH HHS U01 DK124166NIH HHS U01 DK128847NIH HHS U01 DK63790NIH HHS U01 DK63821NIH HHS U01 DK63829NIH HHS U01 DK63836NIH HHS U01 DK63861NIH HHS U01 DK63863NIH HHS U01 DK63865NIH HHS UC4 DK100238NIH HHS UC4 DK106955NIH HHS UC4 DK112243NIH HHS UC4 DK117483NIH HHS UC4 DK63821NIH HHS UC4 DK63829NIH HHS UC4 DK63836NIH HHS UC4 DK63861NIH HHS UC4 DK63863NIH HHS UC4 DK63865NIH HHS UC4 DK95300NLM NIH HHS HHSN267200700014C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe investigated islet autoimmunity (IA) incidence trends among Colorado children born 1993-2010 in Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) and The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) and whether HLA genotype or early-life environmental exposures contributed to observed increases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsWe analyzed the risk of IA among 2,734 Colorado children representing three birth cohorts (BCs): BC1 (1993-1998), BC2 (1999-August 2004), and BC3 (September 2004-2010). Cox models evaluated IA by BC, with time-varying coefficients, BC-HLA interaction, and stratification by type 1 diabetes family history. Mediation analyses examined age at gluten introduction, weight-for-age Z-score, and maternal smoking.

resultsIA increased across BC1-BC3 (7.0%, 10.7%, and 12.7%). At age 1 year, moderate-risk HLA participants in BC2 and BC3 had, respectively, 2.57 and 6.19 times the IA risk of BC1. By age 5 years, effects attenuated. No selected environmental exposures mediated the increased incidence.

conclusionsIA increased among Colorado children born 1993-2010, with the strongest effects among moderate-risk HLA genotypes in later BCs.

Indexed as

AutoimmunityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1HLA AntigensIslets of LangerhansChildChild, PreschoolColoradoFemaleGenotypeHumansIncidenceInfantMaleHLA Antigens

Identifiers

PMID42384070
PMCPMC13493339

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.