ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
The CSF1
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Immune modulation in gastric cancer: from macrophage polarization to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of global cancer mortality, characterized by profound heterogeneity. While immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has emerged as a promising strategy, pervasive resistance frequently limits its clinical efficacy. Elucidating the mechanisms driving this resistance and identifying predictive biomarkers remain critical challenges for achieving precision oncology in GC. Methods: We constructed a spatial multi-omic atlas by integrating scRNA-seq from GC patients with public spatial transcriptomics (ST) data. Computational deconvolution of independent immunotherapy cohorts was performed to pinpoint specific macrophage and fibroblast subsets linked to ICB efficacy. Intercellular immunosuppressive signaling and spatial proximity were characterized via cell-cell communication and ST analysis. We validated the biological significance of this crosstalk using non-contact co-culture systems and mIHC analysis of an independent clinical cohort. Results: We constructed a spatially resolved multi-omic atlas by integrating scRNA-seq from 131,027 cells with spatial transcriptomics. Deconvolution of immunotherapy cohorts identified the synchronous enrichment of SPP1+macrophages and MFAP5+fibroblasts in tumors with poor ICB efficacy. Spatial analysis quantified a significant co-localization between CSF1-producing malignant cells and SPP1 Conclusions: Our study identifies a spatially organized niche involving CSF1+malignant cells and SPP1+ macrophages as a key driver of ICB resistance in GC. By defining the CSF1-mediated crosstalk between these two cell types, these findings highlight promising therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
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